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3. MKNAOMI | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)

3. MKNAOMI | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)

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3. MKNAOMI | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display Go to CIA.gov FOIA Submit Request Fee Schedule FAQs Reading Room About Search Submit Request Fee Schedule FAQs Reading Room About Search Secondary Navigation Library Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading RoomRequestor Portal Historical Collections Browse the Collections | Advanced Search | Search Help Search form Search Query for FOIA ERR: -A A +A 3. MKNAOMI Document Type: CRESTCollection: General CIA RecordsDocument Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-01773R000100170001-5Release Decision: RIFPUBOriginal Classification: KDocument Page Count: 12Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016Document Release Date: February 8, 2012Sequence Number: 1Case Number: Publication Date: July 26, 1963Content Type: MISCFile:  AttachmentSize CIA-RDP01-01773R000100170001-5.pdf1.61 MB Body:  Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDPO1-01773R000100170001-5 ^ that no damage was done to individuals who volunteer for the experi- ments."' Overseas interrogations utilizing a combination of sodium pentothal and hypnosis after physical and psychiatric examinations of the subjects were also part of ARTICHOKE. The Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), which studied scientific advances by hostile powers, initiall led BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE efforts. In 1952, overall responsibility for ARTICHOKE was trans- ferred from OSI to the Inspection and Security Office (I&SO), pre- decessor to the present Office of Security. The CIA's Technical Serv- ices and Medical Staffs were to be called upon as needed; OSI would retain liaison function with other government agencies." The change in leadership from an intelligence unit to an operating unit appar- ently reflected a change in emphasis; from the study of actions by hostile powers to the use, both for offensive and defensive purposes, of special interrogation techniques-primarily hypnosis and truth serums. Representatives. from each Agency unit involved in ARTICHOKE met almost monthly to discuss their progress. These discussions in- cluded the planning of overseas interrogations' as well. as further experimentation in the U.S. . Information about project ARTICHOKE after the fall of 1953 is scarce. The CIA maintains that the project ended in 1956, but evi- dence suggests that Office of Security and Office of Medical Services use of "special interrogation" techniques continued for several years thereafter. 3. MKNAOMI MKNAOMI was another major CIA program in this area. In 1967, the CIA summarized the purposes of MKNAOMI: (a) To provide for a covert support base to meet clandes- tine operational requirements. (b) To stockpile severely incapacitating and lethal ma- terials for the specific use of TSD [Technical Services Di- vision]. (c) To maintain in operational readiness special and unique items for the dissemination of biological and chemical ma- terials. (d) To provide for the required surveillance, testing, up- grading, and evaluation of materials and items in order to assure absence of defects and complete predictability of re- sults to be expected under operational conditions.? Under an agreement reached with the Army in 1952, the Special Operations Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick was to assist CIA in developing, testing, and maintaining biological agents and delivery `Memorandum from Robert Taylor, O/DD/P to the Assistant Deputy (In- spection and Security) and Chief of the Medical Staff, 3/22/52. Memorandum from H. Marshall Chadwell, Assistant Director. Scientific Intel- ligence, to the Deputy Director/Plana (DDP) "Prniect ARTICHOKE," 8/29/52. ' "Progress Report, Project ARTICHOKE." 1/12/53. "Memorandum from Chief, TSD/Biological Branch to Chief. TSD "MKNAOMI : Funding. nhiectivos, nnrl AcemmT1lIahn+Pnt9," 10/18/R7. p. 1. Fnr a fuller descrip- tion of MKNAOMI and the relationship between CIA and SOD. see p. 360 if. systems. By this agreement, CIA acquired the knowledge, skill, and facilities of the Army to develop biological weapons suited for CIA use. SOD developed darts coated with biological agents and pills con- taining several different biological agents which could remain potent for weeks or months. SOD also developed a special gun for firing darts coated with a chemical which could allow CIA agents to incapaci- tate a guard dog, enter an installation secretly, and return the dog to consciousness when leaving. SOD scientists were unable to develop a similar incapacitant for humans. SOD also physically transferred to CIA personnel biological agents in "bulk" form, and delivery devices, including some containing biological agents. In addition to the CIA's interest in biological weapons for use against humans, it also asked SOD to study use of biological agents against crops and animals. In its 1967 memorandum, the NA stated : Three methods and systems for carrying out a covert attack against crops and causing severe crop loss have been devel- oped and evaluated under field conditions. This was accom- plished in anticipation of a requirement which was later developed but was subsequently scrubbed just prior to put- ting into action.s? MKNAOMI was terminated in 1970. On November 25, 1969, Presi- dent Nixon renounced the use of any form of biological weapons that kill or incapacitate and ordered the disposal of existing stocks of bac- teriological weapons. On February 14, 1970, the President clarified the extent of his earlier order and indicated that toxins-chemicals that are not living organisms but are produced by living organisms-were considered biological weapons subject to his previous directive and were to be destroyed. Although instructed to relinquish control of material held for the CIA by SOD, a CIA scientist acquired approxi- mately 11 grams of shellfish toxin from SOD personnel at Fort De- trick which were stored in a little-used CIA laboratory where it went undetected for five years.10 4. MKULTRA MKULTRA was the principal CIA program involving the research and development of chemical and biological agents. It was "con- cerned with the research and development of chemical, biological, and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine oper- ations to control human behavior." 11 In January 1973, MKULTRA records were destroyed by Technical Services Division personnel actint* on the verbal orders of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, Chief of TSD. Dr. Gottlieb has testified, and former Direc- tor Helms has confirmed, that in ordering the records destroyed, Dr. Gottlieb was carrying out the verbal order of then DCI Helms. MKULTRA began with a proposal from the Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, Richard Helms, to the DCI, outlining a special - Ibid. p. 2. 70 Senate Select Committee, 9/16/75, Hearings, Vo. 1. "Memorandum from the CIA Inspector General to the Director, 7/26/63. 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