Solar Dynamo Transitions as Drivers of Sudden Climate Changes | IntechOpen Skip to main contentEnable accessibility for visually impairedOpen the accessibility menu Open the Accessible Navigation MenuPowered by CookiebotConsentDetails[#IABV2SETTINGS#]AboutThis website uses cookiesWe use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. Consent SelectionNecessary Preferences Statistics Marketing Show detailsNecessary 216 Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like page navigation and access to secure areas of the website. The website cannot function properly without these cookies.Acuity2Learn more about this providerauidRegisters a unique user ID that recognises the user's browser when visiting websites that show ads from the same ad network. The cookie is used to collect statistical data of the visitor's movements and to generate targeted ads.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPaumCollects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant. Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPAdgear1Learn more about this providerbridgePresents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: SessionType: PixelAdition Technologies1Learn more about this providerUserID1This cookie is used to collect information on a visitor. This information will become an ID string with information on a specific visitor – ID information strings can be used to target groups with similar preferences, or can be used by third-party domains or ad-exchanges.Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPAdobe Inc.1Learn more about this providereverest_g_v2Used for targeted ads and to document efficacy of each individual ad.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPAdroll1Learn more about this providercm/index/tp_outSets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: SessionType: PixelAppnexus3Learn more about this provideranjRegisters a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPicuCollects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement. Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPuuid2Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPBeeswax2Learn more about this providerbitoSets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTPcheckForPermissionDetermines whether the user has accepted the cookie consent box. Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPBidswitch3Learn more about this providerbsw_origin_initCollects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.Expiry: SessionType: HTTPcustom_dataCollects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant. Expiry: SessionType: HTTPsyncCollects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant. Expiry: SessionType: PixelBlismedia.com1Learn more about this providerbCollects statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPBrand-display.com1Learn more about this provider_knxq_Determines when the visitor last visited the different subpages on the website, as well as sets a timestamp for when the session started.Expiry: 400 daysType: HTTPCasale Media6Learn more about this providerCMIDCollects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPCMPROCollects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement. Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPCMPSCollects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPcrumThis cookie is used to identify the frequency of visits and how long the visitor is on the website.Expiry: SessionType: PixelpbusermatchPendingExpiry: SessionType: PixelrumCollects data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.Expiry: SessionType: PixelCookiebot2Learn more about this provider1.gifUsed to count the number of sessions to the website, necessary for optimizing CMP product delivery. Expiry: SessionType: PixelCookieConsentStores the user's cookie consent state for the current domainExpiry: 1 yearType: HTTPCrimtan2Learn more about this providercid_#Collects unidentifiable data that is sent to an unidentifiable source. The source's identity is kept secret by the company, Whois Privacy Protection Service, Inc.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPga_#Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPCriteo6Learn more about this providerreceive-cookie-deprecationCollects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPcto_bundlePresents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPcto_pub_test_tld [x2]Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences. Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPcto_writeable [x2]This cookie is set by the audience manager of a website in order to determine if any additional third-party cookies can be set in the visitor’s browser – third-party cookies are used to gather information or track visitor behavior on multiple websites. Third-party cookies are set by a third-party website or company.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPDataxu4Learn more about this providermatchbidswitchSets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: 30 daysType: HTTPmatchcasaleCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.Expiry: 30 daysType: HTTPmatchgoogleRegulates synchronisation of user identification and exchange of user data between various ad services.Expiry: 30 daysType: HTTPwfivefivecCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTPExponential1Learn more about this providerANON_IDCollects data on user visits to the website, such as what pages have been accessed. The registered data is used to categorise the user's interest and demographic profiles in terms of resales for targeted marketing.Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPGoogle14Learn more about this providerDSIDUsed by Google DoubleClick for re-targeting, optimisation, reporting and attribution of online adverts.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPIDEUsed by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPpcs/viewUsed by DoubleClick to determine whether website advertisement has been properly displayed - This is done to make their marketing efforts more efficient. Expiry: SessionType: Pixelar_debugPendingExpiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPcollectUsed to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.Expiry: SessionType: Pixelpcs/activeviewUsed by DoubleClick to determine whether website advertisement has been properly displayed - This is done to make their marketing efforts more efficient. Expiry: SessionType: Pixel__gadsUsed to register what ads have been displayed to the user.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP__gpiCollects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP_gaRegisters a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP_ga_#Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit. Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP_gatUsed by Google Analytics to throttle request rateExpiry: 1 dayType: HTTP_gidRegisters a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPtdRegisters statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. Expiry: SessionType: PixelGoogleAdServingTestUsed to register what ads have been displayed to the user.Expiry: SessionType: HTTPHotjar5Learn more about this provider_hjAbsoluteSessionInProgressThis cookie is used to count how many times a website has been visited by different visitors - this is done by assigning the visitor an ID, so the visitor does not get registered twice.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP_hjFirstSeenThis cookie is used to determine if the visitor has visited the website before, or if it is a new visitor on the website.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP_hjIncludedInSessionSample_#Collects statistics on the visitor's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been read.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP_hjSession_#Collects statistics on the visitor's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been read.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP_hjSessionUser_#Collects statistics on the visitor's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been read.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPLotame4Learn more about this providerlotame_domain_checkContains an visitor ID. This is used to identify the visitor upon re-entry to the website.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPpanoramaIdRegisters data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites. Expiry: SessionType: HTTPpanoramaId_expiryRegisters data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites. Expiry: SessionType: HTTPpanoramaIdTypePendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPMED Snippets13Learn more about this provider_sessCollects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPdmd-ahkCollects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPdmd-dgid [x2]PendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPdmd-sidCollects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPdmd-signal-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#PendingExpiry: 1 dayType: HTTPdmd-vidCollects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPdmd-idPendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPdmd-ipPendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPdmd-macPendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPdmd-pidPendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPDMDSESSIDPendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPs-DMDSESSIDCollects data on the user across websites - This data is used to make advertisement more relevant.Expiry: SessionType: HTTPOath1Learn more about this providerconnectIdPendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPOpenx1Learn more about this provideriRegisters anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPQuantcast4Learn more about this provider__qcaCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP_dltSets a unique ID for the session. This allows the website to obtain data on visitor behaviour for statistical purposes.Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTPdCollects anonymous data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.Expiry: 3 monthsType: HTTPmcCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTPRTB House6Learn more about this providergUsed in context with the language setting on the website. Facilitates the translation into the preferred language of the visitor.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPtsThis cookie is necessary for the PayPal login-function on the website.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPu [x4]Necessary for the sign-up function on the website.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPSimpli.fi1Learn more about this providersuidCollects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPSonobi7Learn more about this provider__uihPendingExpiry: 1 dayType: HTTP__uin_bwCollects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP__uir_bwCollects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant. Expiry: 1 monthType: HTTP__uisUsed to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences. Expiry: 30 daysType: HTTP_usd_intechopen.comPendingExpiry: 1 dayType: HTTPHAPLB8GPendingExpiry: SessionType: HTTPus.gifUsed to track the visitor's usage of GIFs - This serves for analytical and marketing purposes.Expiry: SessionType: PixelSportradar4Learn more about this providerzuuidUsed to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences. Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPzuuid_kSets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPzuuid_k_luSets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPzuuid_luSets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPTravel Audience1Learn more about this provider_trackerSets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTPVWO10Learn more about this provider_vis_opt_exp_#_combiUsed by Visual Website Optimizer to ensure that the same user interface variant is displayed for each visit, if the user is participating in a design experiment.Expiry: SessionType: HTTP_vis_opt_sUsed by Visual Website Optimizer to determine if the visitor is participating in a design experiment.Expiry: 100 daysType: HTTP_vis_opt_test_cookieUsed to check if the user's browser supports cookies.Expiry: SessionType: HTTP_vwo_referrerRegisters data on visitors' website-behaviour. This is used for internal analysis and website optimization. Expiry: SessionType: HTTP_vwo_uuid_v2This cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which optimizes the website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be set to improve the visitor's experience on a website.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPanalyzeThis cookie is used by the website’s operator in context with multi-variate testing. This is a tool used to combine or change content on the website. This allows the website to find the best variation/edition of the site.Expiry: SessionType: Pixels.gifRegisters user behaviour and navigation on the website, and any interaction with active campaigns. This is used for optimizing advertisement and for efficient retargeting. Expiry: SessionType: Pixelt.gifEnsures that product pictures are presented correctly on website.Expiry: SessionType: Pixelv.gifThis cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which optimizes the website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be set to improve the visitor's experience on a website.Expiry: SessionType: PixelvwoSnThis cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which optimizes the website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be set to improve the visitor's experience on a website.Expiry: PersistentType: HTMLXaxis1Learn more about this providert/v2/syncUsed for data-synchronization with advertisement networks.Expiry: SessionType: PixelYahoo2Learn more about this providerA3Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTPsync/casalePendingExpiry: SessionType: PixelYouTube5Learn more about this providerLAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEYUsed to track user’s interaction with embedded content.Expiry: SessionType: HTTPremote_sidNecessary for the implementation and functionality of YouTube video-content on the website. Expiry: SessionType: HTTPTESTCOOKIESENABLEDUsed to track user’s interaction with embedded con… truncated (68,874 more characters in archive)