UNODA Treaties LOADING UNODA Treaties Database Home Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Status of the treaty Text of the treaty Opened for signature at London, Moscow and Washington: 27 January 1967 Entered into force: 10 October 1967 Depositary Governments: Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America Number of Signatory States: 89 Number of States Parties: 112 StateSignatureDepositDeposit type Afghanistan 27 January 1967 Washington 30 January 1967 Moscow 17 March 1988 London 17 March 1988 Moscow 21 March 1988 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Algeria 27 January 1992 Washington Accession Antigua and Barbuda 16 November 1988 * Washington 26 December 1988 * Moscow 26 January 1989 London Succession Succession Succession Argentina 27 January 1967 Washington 18 April 1967 Moscow 26 March 1969 Moscow 26 March 1969 Washington Ratification Ratification Armenia 28 March 2018 Moscow Accession Australia 27 January 1967 Washington 10 October 1967 London 10 October 1967 Moscow 10 October 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Austria 20 February 1967 London 20 February 1967 Moscow 20 February 1967 Washington 26 February 1968 London 26 February 1968 Moscow 26 February 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Azerbaijan 09 September 2015 London Accession Bahamas 11 August 1976 London 13 August 1976 * Washington 30 August 1976 * Moscow Succession Succession Succession Bahrain 07 August 2019 Moscow Accession Bangladesh 14 January 1986 London 17 January 1986 Washington 24 January 1986 Moscow Accession Accession Accession Barbados 12 September 1968 Washington Accession Belarus 10 February 1967 Moscow 31 October 1967 Moscow Ratification Belgium 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 02 February 1967 Washington 30 March 1973 Washington 31 March 1973 London 31 March 1973 Moscow Ratification Ratification Ratification Benin 19 June 1986 Moscow 02 July 1986 London 07 July 1986 Washington Accession Accession Accession Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 27 January 1967 Washington Bosnia and Herzegovina 29 September 2020 London Accession Botswana 27 January 1967 Washington Brazil 30 January 1967 Moscow 02 February 1967 London 02 February 1967 Washington 05 March 1969 * London 05 March 1969 * Moscow 05 March 1969 * Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Bulgaria 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 28 March 1967 Moscow 11 April 1967 Washington 19 April 1967 London Ratification Ratification Ratification Burkina Faso 03 March 1967 Washington 18 June 1968 Washington Ratification Burundi 27 January 1967 Washington Cameroon 27 January 1967 Washington Canada 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 10 October 1967 London 10 October 1967 Moscow 10 October 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Central African Republic 27 January 1967 Washington Chile 27 January 1967 Washington 03 February 1967 London 20 February 1967 Moscow 08 October 1981 Washington Ratification China 30 December 1983 * Washington 06 January 1984 * Moscow 12 January 1984 * London Accession Accession Accession Colombia 27 January 1967 Washington Cuba 03 June 1977 * Moscow Accession Cyprus 27 January 1967 Washington 15 February 1967 Moscow 16 February 1967 London 05 July 1972 London 05 July 1972 Washington 20 September 1972 Moscow Ratification Ratification Ratification Czech Republic 01 January 1993 * Moscow 01 January 1993 * Washington 29 September 1993 * London Succession Succession Succession Democratic People's Republic of Korea 05 March 2009 Moscow Accession Democratic Republic of the Congo 27 January 1967 Washington 29 April 1967 Moscow 04 May 1967 London Denmark 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 10 October 1967 London 10 October 1967 Moscow 10 October 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Dominican Republic 27 January 1967 Washington 21 November 1968 Washington Ratification Ecuador 27 January 1967 Washington 16 May 1967 London 07 June 1967 Moscow 07 March 1969 Washington Ratification Egypt 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 10 October 1967 Washington 23 January 1968 Moscow Ratification Ratification El Salvador 27 January 1967 Washington 15 January 1969 Washington Ratification Equatorial Guinea 16 January 1989 Moscow Accession Estonia 19 April 2010 Washington Accession Ethiopia 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Washington 10 February 1967 Moscow Fiji 18 July 1972 * Washington 14 August 1972 London 29 August 1972 * Moscow Succession Succession Succession Finland 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 12 July 1967 London 12 July 1967 Moscow 12 July 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification France 25 September 1967 London 25 September 1967 Moscow 25 September 1967 Washington 05 August 1970 London 05 August 1970 Moscow 05 August 1970 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Gambia 02 June 1967 London Germany 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 * Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 10 February 1971 * London 10 February 1971 * Washington Ratification Ratification Ghana 27 January 1967 Washington 15 February 1967 Moscow 03 March 1967 London Greece 27 January 1967 Washington 19 January 1971 London Ratification Guinea-Bissau 20 August 1976 Moscow Accession Guyana 03 February 1967 Washington Haiti 27 January 1967 Washington Holy See 05 April 1967 London Honduras 27 January 1967 Washington Hungary 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 26 June 1967 London 26 June 1967 Moscow 26 June 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Iceland 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 05 February 1968 London 05 February 1968 Moscow 05 February 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification India 03 March 1967 London 03 March 1967 Moscow 03 March 1967 Washington 18 January 1982 London 18 January 1982 Moscow 18 January 1982 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Indonesia 27 January 1967 Washington 30 January 1967 Moscow 14 February 1967 London 25 June 2002 London Ratification Iran (Islamic Republic of) 27 January 1967 London Iraq 27 February 1967 London 27 February 1967 Washington 09 March 1967 Moscow 04 December 1968 Moscow 23 September 1969 London Ratification Ratification Ireland 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Washington 17 July 1968 Washington 19 July 1968 London Ratification Ratification Israel 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 18 February 1977 Washington 01 March 1977 London 04 April 1977 Moscow Ratification Ratification Ratification Italy 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 04 May 1972 London 04 May 1972 Moscow 04 May 1972 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Jamaica 29 June 1967 London 29 June 1967 Moscow 29 June 1967 Washington 06 August 1970 Washington 10 August 1970 London 21 August 1970 Moscow Ratification Ratification Ratification Japan 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 10 October 1967 London 10 October 1967 Moscow 10 October 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Jordan 02 February 1967 Washington Kazakhstan 11 June 1998 Moscow Accession Kenya 19 January 1984 London Accession Kuwait 07 June 1972 * Washington 20 June 1972 London 04 July 1972 * Moscow Accession Accession Accession Lao People's Democratic Republic 27 January 1967 Washington 30 January 1967 London 02 February 1967 Moscow 27 November 1972 Moscow 29 November 1972 Washington 15 January 1973 London Ratification Ratification Ratification Lebanon 23 February 1967 London 23 February 1967 Moscow 23 February 1967 Washington 31 March 1969 London 31 March 1969 Moscow 30 June 1969 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Lesotho 27 January 1967 Washington Libya 03 July 1968 Washington Accession Lithuania 25 March 2013 Washington Accession Luxembourg 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 31 January 1967 London 17 January 2006 London 17 January 2006 Moscow 17 January 2006 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Madagascar 22 August 1968 * Washington Accession Malaysia 20 February 1967 Washington 21 February 1967 London 03 May 1967 Moscow Mali 11 June 1968 Moscow Accession Malta 22 May 2017 London Accession Mauritius 07 April 1969 * Washington 21 April 1969 London 13 May 1969 * Moscow Succession Succession Succession Mexico 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 31 January 1968 London 31 January 1968 Moscow 31 January 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Mongolia 27 January 1967 Moscow 10 October 1967 Moscow Ratification Montenegro 27 January 1967 * London 27 January 1967 * Moscow Morocco 21 December 1967 London 21 December 1967 Moscow 22 December 1967 Washington Accession Accession Accession Myanmar 22 May 1967 London 22 May 1967 Moscow 22 May 1967 Washington 18 March 1970 London 18 March 1970 Moscow 18 March 1970 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Nepal 03 February 1967 Moscow 03 February 1967 Washington 06 February 1967 London 10 October 1967 London 16 October 1967 Moscow 22 November 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Netherlands 10 February 1967 London 10 February 1967 Moscow 10 February 1967 Washington 10 October 1969 London 10 October 1969 * Moscow 10 October 1969 * Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification New Zealand 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 31 May 1968 London 31 May 1968 Moscow 31 May 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Nicaragua 27 January 1967 Washington 13 February 1967 London 30 June 2017 Washington 10 August 2017 Moscow 14 August 2017 London Ratification Ratification Ratification Niger 01 February 1967 Washington 17 April 1967 London 03 May 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Nigeria 14 November 1967 London Accession Norway 03 February 1967 London 03 February 1967 Moscow 03 February 1967 Washington 01 July 1969 London 01 July 1969 Moscow 01 July 1969 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Oman 04 February 2022 London Accession Pakistan 12 September 1967 London 12 September 1967 Moscow 12 September 1967 Washington 08 April 1968 London 08 April 1968 Moscow 08 April 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Panama 27 January 1967 Washington Papua New Guinea 27 October 1980 London 13 November 1980 * Moscow 16 March 1981 * Washington Succession Succession Succession Paraguay 22 December 2016 London Accession Peru 30 June 1967 Washington 28 February 1979 Moscow 01 March 1979 London 21 March 1979 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Philippines 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Washington 29 April 1967 Moscow Poland 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 30 January 1968 London 30 January 1968 Moscow 30 January 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Portugal 29 May 1996 * London Accession Qatar 13 March 2012 Washington Accession Republic of Korea 27 January 1967 * Washington 13 October 1967 * Washington Ratification Romania 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 09 April 1968 London 09 April 1968 Moscow 09 April 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Russian Federation 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 10 October 1967 London 10 October 1967 Moscow 10 October 1967 * Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Rwanda 27 January 1967 Washington Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13 May 1999 London Succession San Marino 21 April 1967 Washington 24 April 1967 London 06 June 1967 Moscow 29 October 1968 Washington 21 November 1968 Moscow 03 February 1969 London Ratification Ratification Ratification Saudi Arabia 17 December 1976 Washington Accession Serbia 27 January 1967 * London 27 January 1967 * Moscow Seychelles 05 January 1978 London Accession Sierra Leone 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 16 May 1967 Washington 13 July 1967 Moscow 14 July 1967 Washington 25 October 1967 London Ratification Ratification Ratification Singapore 10 September 1976 London 10 September 1976 Moscow 10 September 1976 Washington Accession Accession Accession Slovakia 01 January 1993 * Moscow 01 January 1993 * Washington 17 May 1993 * London Succession Succession Succession Slovenia 08 February 2019 London Accession Somalia 02 February 1967 Washington South Africa 01 March 1967 Washington 30 September 1968 Washington 08 October 1968 London 14 November 1968 Moscow Ratification Ratification Ratification Spain 27 November 1968 London 07 December 1968 Washington Accession Accession Sri Lanka 10 March 1967 London 18 November 1986 London 18 November 1986 Moscow 18 November 1986 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Sweden 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 11 October 1967 London 11 October 1967 Moscow 11 October 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Switzerland 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Washington 30 January 1967 Moscow 18 December 1969 London 18 December 1969 Moscow 18 December 1969 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Syrian Arab Republic 19 November 1968 * Moscow Accession Thailand 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 05 September 1968 London 09 September 1968 Moscow 10 September 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Togo 27 January 1967 Washington 26 June 1989 Washington Ratification Tonga 22 June 1971 * Moscow 07 July 1971 London 07 July 1971 * Washington Succession Succession Succession Trinidad and Tobago 24 July 1967 London 17 August 1967 Moscow 28 September 1967 Washington Tunisia 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Washington 15 February 1967 Moscow 28 March 1968 London 04 April 1968 Moscow 17 April 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Türkiye 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 27 March 1968 London 27 March 1968 Moscow 27 March 1968 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Uganda 24 April 1968 Washington Accession Ukraine 10 February 1967 Moscow 31 October 1967 Moscow Ratification United Arab Emirates 04 October 2000 Washington Accession United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 10 October 1967 * London 10 October 1967 * Moscow 10 October 1967 * Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification United States of America 27 January 1967 London 27 January 1967 Moscow 27 January 1967 Washington 10 October 1967 London 10 October 1967 Moscow 10 October 1967 Washington Ratification Ratification Ratification Uruguay 27 January 1967 Washington 30 January 1967 Moscow 31 August 1970 Washington Ratification Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 27 January 1967 Washington 03 March 1970 Washington Ratification Viet Nam 20 June 1980 Moscow Accession Yemen 01 June 1979 Moscow Accession Zambia 20 August 1973 Washington 21 August 1973 Moscow 28 August 1973 London Accession Accession Accession The States Parties to this Treaty, Inspired by the great prospects opening up before mankind as a result of man’s entry into outer space, Recognizing the common interest of all mankind in the progress of the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, Believing that the exploration and use of outer space should be carried on for the benefit of all peoples irrespective of the degree of their economic or scientific development, Desiring to contribute to broad international co-operation in the scientific as well as the legal aspects of the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, Believing that such co-operation will contribute to the development of mutual understanding and to the strengthening of friendly relations between States and peoples, Recalling resolution 1962 (XVIII), entitled “Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space”, which was adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly on 13 December 1963, Recalling resolution 1884 (XVIII), calling upon States to refrain from placing in orbit around the earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction or from installing such weapons on celestial bodies, which was adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly on 17 October 1963, Taking account of United Nations General Assembly resolution 110 (II) of 3 November 1947, which condemned propaganda designed or likely to provoke or encourage any threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression, and considering that the aforementioned resolution is applicable to outer space, Convinced that a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the moon and Other Celestial Bodies, will further the Purposes and Principles of the Charter of the United Nations, Have agreed on the following: Article I The exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind. Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind, on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law, and there shall be free access to all areas of celestial bodies. There shall be freedom of scientific investigation in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, and States shall facilitate and encourage international co-operation in such investigation. Article II Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. Article III States Parties to the Treaty shall carry on activities in the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, in accordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international co-operation and understanding. Article IV States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner. The moon and other celestial bodie… truncated (12,526 more characters in archive)