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STS-88 STS-88 USA Manned Flight nº: 210 Earth orbit Flight nº: 207 USA manned Flight nº: 124 1th manned flight to ISS. - Mission: ISS-2A Launch, orbit & landing data: Designation 25549 / 98069A Launch date - time 04 Dec 1998 - 08:35:34 UT Launch site KSC, LC39A Launch vehicle Space Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour #13 (OV-105) Primary payload Unity - Mightysat 1 Mass (kg) Flight Crew Cabana, Sturckow, Ross Currie, Newman, Krikalev Docking date - time 07 Dec 1998 - 02:07:00 UT Target spacecraft/port PMA-1 port on Unity Earth orbit on : - Perigee / Apogee 386 x 401 km - Inclination 51.6° - Period min Undocking date - time 13 Dec 1998 - 20:24:30 UT Landing date - time 15 Dec 1998 - 13:53 UT Landing location KSC, Runway 15 Flight Duration 11d 19h 18m Nbr orbits 185 Flight crew Nr. Surname Given name Job Duration 1 Cabana Robert Donald CDR 11d 19h 18m 2 Sturckow Frederick Wilford PLT 11d 19h 18m 3 Currie Nancy Jane Sherlock MSP 11d 19h 18m 4 Ross Jerry Lynn MSP 11d 19h 18m 5 Newman James Hansen MSP 11d 19h 18m 6 Krikalyov Sergei Konstantinovich MSP 11d 19h 18m EVA′s: Nº Spacewalker Start - UTC End - UTC Duration Mission EVA 1 Ross & Newman December 7, 1998, 22:10 December 8, 1998, 05:31 7 h, 21 min Connect Unity cables EVA 2 Ross & Newman December 9, 1998, 20:33 December 10, 1998, 03:35 7 h, 02 min Install Unity antennas EVA 3 Ross & Newman December 12, 1998, 20:33 December 13, 1998, 03:32 6 h, 59 min Install Unity EVA equipment Mission details: Payloads included: Sill: RMS arm No. 303 Bay 1-2: Tunnel Adapter 002 Bay 3-4: Orbiter Docking System/External Airlock (Boeing/Palmdale) Bay 7-13: Unity (Node 1) (Boeing/Huntsville), including the PMA-1 and PMA-2 docking adapters (Boeing/Huntington Beach) Bay 2 Port: GABA adapter with SAC-A satellite Bay 4 Starboard: Carrier with Tool Stowage Assembly Bay 5 Port: GABA adapter with two PFR space walk platforms and one PFR stanchion. Bay 5 Starboard: GABA adapter with two more PFR space walk platforms and one PFR stanchion. Bay 6 Port: GABA adapter with Mightysat Bay 6 Starboard: APC carrier with TCS laser rendezvous sensor Bay 7 Starboard: APC carrier with TCS laser rendezvous sensor Bay 13 Port: GABA adapter with SEM-7 and G-093 canisters Bay 13 Starboard: GABA adapter with IMAX Cargo Bay Camera NASA Press Kit -STS-88 Launch of STS-88 was scrubbed at 09:03 UTC on Dec 3, 1998 with an RSLS hold at T-19 seconds. A problem with a hydraulic system sensor caused a hold at T-4 min; the problem was resolved but the launch window closed seconds before STS-88 would have lifted off. Second try, with launch at 0835:34 UTC on Dec 4, 1998 placing OV-105 Endeavour in a 75 x 313 km x 51.6 deg orbit. The RSRM-67 solid boosters separated at 2 min into flight, with main engine cutoff after 8 minutes and separation of external tank ET-97 shortly after. At 0919 UTC Endeavour fired its OMS engines to raise the orbit to 180 x 322 km x 51.6 deg. On Dec 5 at 2225 UTC Nancy Currie unberthed Unity from the payload bay using the RMS arm. She then moved the Unity to a position docked to the Orbiter Docking System in the payload bay in readiness for assembly with the Russian-launched Zarya FGB ISS component. By 2350 UTC Unity's PMA-2 port was docked to the Orbiter Docking System. At this point OV-105 was in a 189 x 321 km x 51.6 deg orbit. Next it was time for the rendezvous with the FGB module. On Dec 6 at 2347 UTC Endeavour grappled Zarya with the robot arm, and at 0207 UTC on Dec 7 it was soft docked to the PMA-1 port on Unity. After some minor glitches hard dock was completed at 0248 UTC. Unity and Zarya now form the core of the future Station. Endeavour remains docked to the Station pending spacewalks to attach exterior cables. Ross and Newman made the first spacewalk to connect up cables with Zarya. Hatch open on the Tunnel Adapter was at 22:10 UTC on Dec 7, 1998 and the airlock was repressurized at 0532 UTC on Dec 8. The second EVA, to install antennas, was from Dec 9 at 2033 UTC to Dec 10 at 0335 UTC. A third EVA began at 20:33 UTC on Dec 12 and lasted 6h 59min, during which a canvas tool bag was attached to the exterior of Unity to provide tools for future spacewalkers. Docking cables were disconnected to prevent Unity and Zarya from inadvertently undocking. Following an internal examination of the embryonic space station, Endeavour undocked from the ISS at 20:30 UTC on Dec 13; the Unity module has been cataloged by Space Command and given the international designation 1998-67F. The SAC-A and Mightysat satellites were ejected from the payload bay on Dec 14 and Dec 15. Deorbit burn was Dec 18 at 0248 UTC, and Endeavour landed on Dec 18 at 0353:29 UTC, on runway 15 at Kennedy Space Center. (Ref #7(JR383) Deorbit burn was December 16 at 03:48 GMT, and Endeavour landed at 04:53:29 UT, on Runway 15 at the Kennedy Space Center. Shuttle landing Launch from Cape Canaveral (KSC); landing on Cape Canaveral (KSC); first USA Space Station Assembly Flight (ISS-01-2A); docking of U.S.-built Node (Unity) on the Russian-built FGB (Zarya); Ross and Newman performed then two EVA's on 7.12.1998 (7h 21m) and 9.12.1998 (7h 2m) to connect cables between the Node and the FGB; then Cabana and Krikalyov turned over for the first time into the ISS; later third EVA by Ross and Newman on 12.12.1998 (6h 59m) to check the connected cables und to test the SAFER; later the crew deployed the small argentinian-built test-satellite SAC-A (Satelite de Aplicaciones/Cientifico). Endeavour OV105 Launch: Thursday, December 03, 1998 3:59 AM (eastern time) Mission Objectives The STS-88 "Unity" mission is the first manned International Space Station assembly flight. The primary mission objective is to rendezvous with the already launched Zarya control module and successfully attach the Unity connecting module, providing the foundation for future ISS components. Crew Commander: Robert D. Cabana Pilot: Frederick (Rick) W. Sturckow Mission Specialist 1: Jerry L. Ross Mission Specialist 2: Nancy J. Currie Mission Specialist 3: James H. Newman Mission Specialist 4: Sergei Krikalev Launch Orbiter: Endeavour OV105 Launch Window: 10 minutes Altitude: 173 nm (210 nm for rendezvous) Inclination: 51.6 degrees Duration: 11 Days 19 Hrs. 49 Min. Shuttle Liftoff Weight: 4,518,390 lbs Orbiter alone is 263,927 lbs. Software Version: OI-26B Space Shuttle Main Engines SSME 1: SN-2043 SSME 2: SN-2044 SSME 3: SN-2045 Super Light Weight Tank Abort Landing Sites RTLS: Shuttle Landing Facility, KSC TAL: Zaragoza, Spain; ALTERNATES: Ben Guerir, Morocco; Moron, Spain AOA: Shuttle Landing Facility, KSC; ALTERNATES: White Sands Space Harbor, NM Primary Landing Site: Shuttle Landing Facility, KSC ALTERNATE: Edwards Air Force Base, CA Orbiter/Payload Weight at Landing: 200,296 lbs. Payloads Cargo Bay UNITY Connecting Module IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC) MightySat 1 Satelite de Aplicaciones/Cientifico-A (SAC-A) Getaway Special G-093 Space Experiment Module (SEM-07) STS-88 Launches New Era of Space Exploration Space Shuttle mission STS-88, the 13th flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, will begin the largest international cooperative space venture in history as it attaches together in orbit the first two modules of the International Space Station. Endeavour will carry the Unity connecting module, the first U.S.-built station module, into orbit, launching from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39A at 3:59 a.m. EST Dec. 3. Endeavour’s launch will follow the launch of the first element of the statio the Zarya control module which took place on Nov. 20, 1998. Zarya was boosted into orbit by a Russian Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakstan. Funded by the U.S. but built in Russia, Zarya will act as a type of space tugboat for the early station, providing propulsion, power, communications and the capability to perform an automated rendezvous and docking with the third module, the Russian-provided Service Module, an early living quarters. Since achieving orbit, Zarya has gone through on-orbit checks and now awaits the arrival of Endeavour and Unity. Unity will serve as the main connecting point for later U.S. station modules and components. Astronaut Robert D. (Bob) Cabana (Col., USMC) will command STS-88. Joining Cabana on the flight deck of Endeavour will be pilot Frederick "Rick" Sturckow (Major, USMC). Rounding out the crew are Mission Specialists Nancy Currie (Lt. Col., USA), Jerry Ross (Col., USAF), Jim Newman, Ph.D., and Sergei Krikalev, a Russian cosmonaut. Ross and Newman also are designated extravehicular activity (EVA) crewmembers and will perform three spacewalks during the mission. STS-88 marks Cabana's fourth flight in space. He served as chief of the Astronaut Office at JSC from 1994 until his selection for the STS-88 crew. Currie and Newman each will be making their third flight into space. Ross will be making his sixth space flight. Sturckow will be making his first space flight. Krikalev has flown in space three times, twice on the Mir space station and once on the Shuttle. Krikalev also is a member of the first crew that will live aboard the new station in mid-1999. Cabana will fly Endeavour to a rendezvous with Zarya, and Currie will use the Shuttle's robotic arm to capture the Russian-built spacecraft and attach it to the Unity module in the Shuttle cargo bay. Zarya will be the most massive object ever moved with the Shuttle's mechanical arm. On later days of the flight, Ross and Newman will conduct three spacewalks to finalize the connections between Zarya and Unity, beginning five years of orbital assembly work that will construct the new space station. After its assembly work is completed and it has undocked from the station, Endeavour will release two small science satellites. After almost 12 days in space that begin a new era of exploration and research in orbit, Endeavour will land at the Kennedy Space Center. PAYLOAD DETAILS UNITY Connecting Module Payload Bay 25,600 lbs Overview The first U.S.-built component of the International Space Station, a six-sided connecting module and passageway, or node, named Unity, will be the primary cargo of Space Shuttle mission STS-88, the first mission dedicated to assembly of the station. The Unity connecting module, technically referred to as node 1, will lay a foundation for all future U.S. International Space Station modules with six berthing ports, one on each side, to which future modules will be attached. Built by The Boeing Company at a manufacturing facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, Unity is the first of three such connecting modules that will be built for the station. Sometimes referred to as Node 1, the Unity module measures 15 feet in diameter and 18 feet long. Meeting in Space Carried to orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour, Unity will be mated with the already orbiting Zarya control module, or Functional Cargo Block (Russian acronym FGB), a U.S.-funded and Russian-built component that will have been launched earlier aboard a Russian rocket from Kazakstan. In addition to connecting to the Zarya module, Unity eventually will provide attachment points for the U.S. laboratory module; Node 3; an early exterior framework, or truss for the station; an airlock; and a multi-windowed cupola. Vital Resources Essential space station resources such as fluids, environmental control and life support systems, electrical and data systems are routed through Unity to supply work and living areas. More than 50,000 mechanical items, 216 lines to carry fluids and gases, and 121 internal and external electrical cables using six miles of wire were installed in the Unity node. The detailed and complex hardware installation required more than 1,800 drawings. The node is made of aluminum. Pressurized Mating Adapters Two conical docking adapters will be attached to each end of Unity prior to its launch aboard Endeavour. The adapters, called pressurized mating adapters (PMAs), allow the docking systems used by the Space Shuttle and by Russian modules to attach to the node's hatches and berthing mechanisms. One of the conical adapters will attach Unity to the Zarya, while the other will serve as a docking port for the Space Shuttle. The Unity node with the two mating adapters attached, the configuration it will be in for launch, is about 36 feet long and weighs about 25,600 pounds. Attached to the exterior of one of the pressurized mating adapters are computers, or multiplexer-demultiplexers (MDMs), which will provide early command and control of the Unity node. Unity also will be outfitted with an early communications system that will allow data, voice and low data rate video with Mission Control, Houston, to supplement Russian communications systems during the early station assembly activities. The two remaining nodes are being built by the European Space Agency (ESA) for NASA in Italy by Alenia Aerospazio. Nodes 2 and 3 will be slightly longer than the Unity node, measuring almost 21 feet long, and each will hold eight standard space station equipment racks in addition to six berthing ports. ESA is building the two additional nodes as partial payment for the launch of the ESA Columbus laboratory module and other equipment on the Space Shuttle. Unity holds four equipment racks. Benefits The International Space Station will allow scientists to conduct long-duration experiments and research in the environment of space. It is the largest peacetime scientific mission in history and combines the resources of 16 nations. When completely assembled in 2004, the International Space Station will have a mass of more than 1 million pounds and provide more than 46,000 cubic feet of pressurized living and working space for up to seven astronauts and scientists. IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC) Payload Bay 664 lb. Prime: Jerry Ross Backup: James Newman Overview The primary objectives of ICBC on STS-88 are to film the Node 1 installation onto the orbiter docking system (ODS), the functional cargo block (FGB) rendezvous, FGB docking, extravehicular activity (EVA) tasks, separation burn, and flyaround. The ICBC is a space-qualified, 65 mm color motion picture camera system consisting of a camera, lens assembly, and a film supply magazine containing approximately 3,500 feet of film and an empty take-up magazine. The camera is housed in an insulated, pressurized enclosure with a movable lens window cover. The optical centerline of the 30 mm camera lens is fixed and points directly out of the payload bay along the orbiter Z-axis with a 23-degree rotation toward the orbiter nose. Heaters and thermal blankets provide proper thermal conditioning for the camera electronics, camera window, and film magazines. For STS-88, the delivery reel is loaded with 3,500 feet of film (nominally), enough for approximately 10.5 minutes of filming at normal camera speed (24 frames per second, fps). On this flight, the camera speed can be changed to 6 fps for photographing slower moving objects. The ICBC can also be loaded with a 2,200-foot film magazine. A single 30 mm wide-angle lens is mounted on the camera; lenses and film cannot be changed during the flight. ICBC operations are terminated when all film is exposed. The ICBC is controlled from the aft flight deck with the enhanced GAS autonomous payload controller (GAPC) and uses orbiter dc power. A crew member can command the ICBC to turn main power on, go to a standby mode, adjust f-stop and focus, and film a scene. A spotmeter will be used by the crew to aid in setting the IMAX camera f-stops. By using the GAPC, the crew member can also determine the status of the camera, such as the current f-stop and the amount of film exposed. A light level measurement unit is used to set the lens aperture. A fixed focus zone and seven aperture settings are available for this flight. A tape recorder is also provided for crew documentation. All the GAS hardware, such as the GAS control decoders, status responder units, GAPCs, and the GAS signal and control cable, are owned, serviced, and certified by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The basic operational profile of the ICBC is as follows: enable the heaters within seven hours of launch or approximately 30 minutes before a planned payload activity to be filmed, maintain thermal conditioning of the camera and film magazine, perform a typical filming sequence, and return to thermal conditioning. A typical filming sequence begins with powering the camera in standby mode. This consists of powering up the internal camera electronics, feed magazine and drive, take-up magazine and drive, IMAX interface electronics, and the lens drive to a standby mode. The f-stop, focus, and frame rate are adjusted to the desired settings. Actual filming occurs when the door motor and camera drive motor are operated. The camera then returns to standby until the end of the filming sequence. History/Background The IMAX project is a collaboration between NASA, the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, IMAX Systems Corp., and the Lockheed Corp. This system, developed by IMAX Systems Corp. of Toronto, Canada, uses specially designed 65 mm cameras and projectors to record and display very high definition color motion pictures which, accompanied by six-channel high-fidelity sound, are displayed on screens in IMAX and OMNIMAX theaters that are up to ten times larger than a conventional screen, producing a feeling of "being there." The 65 mm film from STS-88 will be transferred to 70 mm motion picture film for use in a future large-format feature film. An audio tape recorder with microphones in the crew compartment will record middeck sounds and crew comments during camera operations. The audio will then be transferred to tapes or compact disks to accompany the motion picture. IMAX cameras have been flown on space shuttle missions STS-41-C, 41-D, 41-G, -29, -34, -32, -31, -42, -46, -51, -61, -63, -71, and -74 to document crew operations in the payload bay and the orbiter's middeck and flight deck as well as to film spectacular views of space and Earth. Film from those missions was used as the basis for the IMAX productions "The Dream Is Alive," "The Blue Planet," and "Destiny in Space." Benefits The IMAX project is designed to document significant space activities and promote NASA's educational goals using the IMAX film medium. MightySat 1 Payload Bay 705 lb. Prime: Frederick (Rick) Sturckow Principal Investigator: Lt. Barbara Braun, Air Force Research Laboratory. Backup: Robert Cabana Overview MightySat is a United States Air Force Phillips Laboratory multi-mission, small satellite program dedicated to providing frequent, inexpensive, on-orbit demonstrations of space system technologies. The MightySat payload will launched from the Shuttle via the Hitchhiker Ejection System, which is managed out of the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. The payload will deployed on flight day twelve. The primary objective of the MightySat program is to provide on-orbit demonstrations of emerging technologies. Data from the mission will be used to support decisions on the readiness of the tested technology for Air Force missions. The Mightysat-1 payload is a non-retrievable spacecraft that will be deployed from the Space Shuttle Endeavour on STS-88. The MightySat payload has five advance technology demonstration experiments. The Advanced Composite Structure, which serves as the structure for the vehicle, has no command interfaces with the spacecraft. All relevant data on the structure will be captured in ground testing. The Advanced Solar Cell Experiment will test the performance of dual-junction solar cells comprised of Gallium Indium Phosphide layers atop a Galliu… truncated (19,847 more characters in archive)